Preparations from Campomanesia reitziana reduce the gastrointestinal motility and castor oil-induced diarrhea in a non-opioid and non-dopaminergic pathway in mice and display antimicrobial activity in vitro.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the antidiarrheal potential of the aqueous extract (AECR) and hydroalcoholic extract of Campomanesia reitziana leaves (HECR), its ethyl acetate (EAF) and dichloromethane fractions (DCMF), and myricitrin isolated from EAF. METHODS: The total phenols and flavonoids were measured, followed by chromatography and myricitrin isolation. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl scavenger activity, the cytotoxicity, and the effects on LPS-induced nitrite production in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) were quantified. The effect of HECR, EAF, DCMF, and AECR on intestinal motility (IT), gastric emptying (GE), and castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice was determined, as well as its antimicrobial activity. KEY RESULTS: The administration of AECR 10% (10 ml/kg, p.o), but not HECR (300 mg/kg), reduced the GE and IT by 52 and 51%. The EAF and DCMF at 300 mg/kg also reduced IT but did not change GE. Moreover, AECR and EAF, but not DCMF, inhibited the castor oil-induced diarrhea and naloxone or metoclopramide pretreatment did not change these effects. Myricitrin did not change IT and the evacuation index of mice. Finally, the dry residue of AECR inhibited bacterial growth and EAF showed bacteriostatic activity against S. aureus, E. coli, and S. typhimurium and antifungal for C. albicans. However, none of the preparations alter the viability of Giardia spp. trophozoites. CONCLUSIONS: The AECR and EAF can be effective to treat diarrhea acting through opioid- or dopaminergic type 2 receptor-independent mechanisms and by its antimicrobial actions.

SARs for the Antiparasitic Plant Metabolite Pulchrol. 3. Combinations of New Substituents in A/B-Rings and A/C-Rings.

The natural products pulchrol and pulchral, isolated from the roots of the Mexican plant Bourreria pulchra, have previously been shown to possess antiparasitic activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania braziliensis and L. amazonensis, which are protozoa responsible for Chagas disease and leishmaniasis. These infections have been classified as neglected diseases, and still require the development of safer and more efficient alternatives to their current treatments. Recent SARs studies, based on the pulchrol scaffold, showed which effects exchanges of its substituents have on the antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activity. Many of the analogues prepared were shown to be more potent than pulchrol and the current drugs used to treat leishmaniasis and Chagas disease (miltefosine and benznidazole, respectively), in vitro. Moreover, indications of some of the possible interactions that may take place in the binding sites were also identified. In this study, 12 analogues with modifications at two or three different positions in two of the three rings were prepared by synthetic and semi-synthetic procedures. The molecules were assayed in vitro towards T. cruzi epimastigotes, L. braziliensis promastigotes, and L. amazonensis promastigotes. Some compounds had higher antiparasitic activity than the parental compound pulchrol, and in some cases even benznidazole and miltefosine. The best combinations in this subset are with carbonyl functionalities in the A-ring and isopropyl groups in the C-ring, as well as with alkyl substituents in both the A- and C-rings combined with a hydroxyl group in position 1 (C-ring). The latter corresponds to cannabinol, which indeed was shown to be potent towards all the parasites.

Trichilones A-E: New Limonoids from Trichilia adolfi.

In addition to the trichilianones A-D recently reported from Trichilia adolfi, a continuing investigation of the chemical constituents of the ethanol extract of the bark of this medicinal plant yielded the five new limonoids 1-5. They are characterized by having four fused rings and are new examples of prieurianin-type limonoids, having a ε-lactone which in 4 and 5 is α, ß- unsaturated. The structures of the isolated metabolites were determined by high field NMR spectroscopy and HR mass spectrometry. The new metabolites were shown to have the ε-lactone fused with a tetrahydrofuran ring which is connected to an oxidized hexane ring joined with a cyclo-pentanone having a 3-furanyl substituent. As the crude extract possesses antileishmanial activity, the compounds were assayed for cytotoxic and antiparasitic activities in vitro in murine macrophage cells (raw 264.7 cells) and in Leishmania amazoniensis as well as L. braziliensis promastigotes. Metabolites 1-3 and 5 showed moderate cytotoxicity (between 30-94 µg/mL) but are not responsible for the antileishmanial effect of the extract.

Trichilianones A-D, Novel Cyclopropane-Type Limonoids from Trichilia adolfi.

The fractionation of an ethanol extract of the bark of Trichilia adolfi yielded four novel limonoids (trichilinones A-D, 1-4), with five fused rings and related to the hortiolide-type limonoids. Starting with an ε-lactone, which is α,ß-unsaturated in trichilinones A and D (1 and 4), attached to a tetrahydrofuran ring that is connected to an unusual bicyclo [5.1.0] hexane system, joined with a cyclopentanone with a 3-furanyl substituent [(2-oxo)-furan-(5H)-3-yl in trichilinone D (4)], the four compounds isolated display a new 7/5/3/5/5 limonoid ring system. Their structures were established based on extensive analysis of NMR spectroscopic data. As the crude extract possessed anti-leishmanial properties, the compounds were assayed for cytotoxic and anti-parasitic activities in vitro in murine macrophages cells (Raw 264.7) and leishmania promastigotes (L. amazoniensis and L. braziliensis), respectively. The compounds showed moderate cytotoxicity (approximately 70 µg/mL), but are not responsible for the leishmanicidal effect of the extract.

Antiparasitic activity of two Brazilian plants: Eugenia mattosii and Marlierea eugeniopsoides.

Parasitoses are very common throughout the world, generating serious consequences for public health. Leishmaniosis and giardiasis are examples of fairly recurrent, but neglected diseases. Several higher plants have demonstrated promising activity against the parasites. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological activity of extracts, fractions and isolated compounds from the leaves and stems of two Brazilian plants: Eugenia mattosii and Marlierea eugeniopsoides (Myrtaceae) against Leishmania and Giardia. XTT and the fluorimetric method were used to for this evaluation, respectively. Cytotoxicity was evaluated against HeLa cells. The results demonstrated that chloroform fractions of E. matosii and pinostrobin presented the most pronounced antiparasitic activity, with the CLF-stems being the most effective against Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania braziliensis. Pinostrobin also presented activity against G. lamblia. Therefore, E. mattosii stems and pinostrobin may be considered possible targets for the continuity of studies against other parasites.

Phenolics from the Bolivian highlands food plant Ombrophytum subterraneum (Aspl.) B. Hansen (Balanophoraceae): Antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

The Balanophoraceae Ombrophytum subterraneum is an endemic highland food plant occurring in Bolivia, northern Argentina and Chile. The upper part of this parasitic plant is eaten fresh. The aim of this work was to characterize the compounds occurring in the edible part and to assess any differences between the inflorescence and tuber. Ethanol extracts of the different plant parts were analyzed for antioxidant activity by the ORAC, TEAC, FRAP, CUPRAC and DPPH methods as well as for the effect on enzymes related to metabolic syndrome (α-amylase, α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase). The main constituents were isolated by a combination of gel permeation in Sephadex LH-20 and countercurrent chromatography (CCC). Five compounds were isolated and fully identified by spectroscopic and spectrometric means. The new 3',5,5',7-tetrahydroxyflavanone 7-O-ß-D-1 â†’ 6 diglucoside was isolated for the first time. HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis allowed the identification of 19 compounds, including flavanones, flavanols, flavonols, dehydroflavonols and lignans, mainly as glycosides. A strong inhibition towards α-glucosidase was observed for the edible parts (IC50: 1.46 µg/mL) as well as for the tuber and inflorescence (IC50: 1.56 µg/mL and 0.87 µg/mL, respectively). A significant correlation was established between the total phenolic and the antioxidant capacity of the extracts as well as with the content of the new flavanone diglucoside. This is the first comprehensive report on the naturally occurring antioxidants and enzyme inhibitors from this native highland food resource.

SARs for the Antiparasitic Plant Metabolite Pulchrol. Part 2: B- and C-Ring Substituents.

Neglected tropical diseases affect most of the underprivileged populations in tropical countries. Among these are chagas and leishmaniasis, present mainly in South and Central America, Africa and East Asia. Current treatments are long and have severe adverse effects, therefore there is a strong need to develop alternatives. In this study, we base our research on the plant metabolite pulchrol, a natural benzochromene which has been shown to possess antiparasitic activity against Trypanosoma and Leishmania species. In a recent study, we investigated how changes in the benzyl alcohol functionality affected the antiparasitic activity, but the importance of B- and C-ring substituents is not understood. Fifteen derivatives of pulchrol with different substituents in positions 1, 2, 3, and 6 while leaving the A-ring intact, were therefore prepared by total synthesis, assayed, and compared with pulchrol and positive controls. The generated series and parental molecule were tested in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania braziliensis, and L. amazonensis, and cytotoxicity using RAW cells. Substantial differences in the activity of the compounds synthesized were observed, of which some were more potent towards Trypanosoma cruzi than the positive control benznidazole. A general tendency is that alkyl substituents improve the potency, especially when positioned on C-2.

SAR:s for the Antiparasitic Plant Metabolite Pulchrol. 1. The Benzyl Alcohol Functionality.

Pulchrol (1) is a natural benzochromene isolated from the roots of Bourreria pulchra, shown to possess potent antiparasitic activity towards both Leishmania and Trypanozoma species. As it is not understood which molecular features of 1 are important for the antiparasitic activity, several analogues were synthesized and assayed. The ultimate goal is to understand the structure-activity relationships (SAR:s) and create a QSAR model that can be used for the development of clinically useful antiparasitic agents. In this study, we have synthesized 25 2-methoxy-6,6-dimethyl-6H-benzo[c]chromen analogues of 1 and its co-metabolite pulchral (5a), by semi-synthetic procedures starting from the natural product pulchrol (1) itself. All 27 compounds, including the two natural products 1 and 5a, were subsequently assayed in vitro for antiparasitic activity against Trypanozoma cruzi, Leishmania brasiliensis and Leishmania amazoniensis. In addition, the cytotoxicity in RAW cells was assayed, and a selectivity index (SI) for each compound and each parasite was calculated. Several compounds are more potent or equi-potent compared with the positive controls Benznidazole (Trypanozoma) and Miltefosine (Leishmania). The compounds with the highest potencies as well as SI-values are esters of 1 with various carboxylic acids.

Exploiting Lipid and Polymer Nanocarriers to Improve the Anticancer Sonodynamic Activity of Chlorophyll.

Sonodynamic therapy is an emerging approach that uses low-intensity ultrasound to activate a sonosensitizer agent triggering its cytotoxicity for selective cancer cell killing. Several molecules have been proposed as sonosensitizer agents, but most of these, as chlorophyll, are strongly hydrophobic with a low selectivity towards cancer tissues. Nanocarriers can help to deliver more efficiently the sonosensitizer agents in the target tumor site, increasing at the same time their sonodynamic effect, since nanosystems act as cavitation nuclei. Herein, we propose the incorporation of unmodified plant-extracted chlorophyll into nanocarriers with different composition and structure (i.e., liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles) to obtain aqueous formulations of this natural pigment. The nanocarriers have been deeply characterized and then incubated with human prostatic cancer cells (PC-3) and spheroids (DU-145) to assess the influence of the different formulations on the chlorophyll sonodynamic effect. The highest sonodynamic cytotoxicity was obtained with chlorophyll loaded into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles, showing promising results for future clinical investigations on sonodynamic therapy.

Actividad antiparasitaria in vitro de plantas de la medicina tradicional Tacana sobre Plasmodium faciparum a través del método fluorométrico-SYBR GreenI / In vitro antiparasitic activity from plants of the Tacana traditional medicine on Plasmodiumfaciparum through thefluorometric method-SYBR GreenI

INTRODUCCIÓN: la presencia de compuestos activos en las plantas las posiciona como una fuente alternativa para el descubrimiento de nuevos fármacos. OBJETIVO: realizar la bioprospección de plantas utilizadas en la medicina tradicional tacana frente a cultivos de Plasmodium falciparum. MÉTODOS: se obtuvieron extractos por maceración en etanol a temperatura ambiente, de 31 órganos colectados de 23 plantas, estos fueron evaluados sobre cultivos asincrónicos de la cepa de Plasmodium falciparum resistente a la Cloroquina (FCR3). A los extractos que mostraron actividad antiplasmódica (CI50<20µg/mL), se evaluó la citotoxicidad (DL50) frente a células HeLa y se calculó el índice de selectividad (IS=DL50/CI50). Los extractos que dieron resultados IS>5, fueron seleccionados como promisorios. RESULTADOS: se obtuvieron 3 plantas muy activas (CI50<10µg/mL); 2 moderadamente activas (10µg/mL20µg/mL). De las 9 plantas que presentaron actividad, solo 2 plantas presentaron IS>5. CONCLUSIONES: incorporar los conocimientos del uso tradicional para realizar las evaluaciones biológicas es de mucha ayuda en la selección de plantas con efectos antiplasmódicos.

INTRODUCTION: the presence of active compounds in plants, converts them as an alternative to find new drugs. OBJECTIVE: carry out the bioprospecting of plants used in Tacana traditional medicine against Plasmodium falciparum cultures. METHODS: from the 31 collected organs of 23 plants, raw extracts were obtained by ethanolic maceration at room temperature and these were evaluated on asynchronic cultures of the strain Plasmodium falciparum resistant to Chloroquine (FCR3). The active extracts (IC50<20µg/mL), were evaluated for cytotoxicity (LD50) against HeLa cells and the Selectivity Index (IS=DL50/IC50) was calculated. The extracts that sowed IS>5were selected as promising. RESULTS: a total of 3 species were very active (IC50<10µg/mL); 2 were moderately active (10µg/mL20µg/mL). From the 9 active plants only 2 presented IS>5. CONCLUSIONS: incorporating the traditional knowledge to carry out biological evaluations is very helpful in the selection of plants with antiplasmodial effects.

Aplicación del método bioquímico-colorimétrico para identificar agentes trypanocidas / Application of the biochemical-colorimetric method to identify trypanocidal agents

La tripanosomiasis americana es una enfermedad infecciosa desatendida, causada por el parásito protozoo Trypanosoma cruzi, que no cuenta con tratamiento en la fase crónica de esta enfermedad mortal, uno de los desafíos es encontrar terapias efectivas para esta compleja enfermedad, dado que no presenta síntomas asociables a la parasitosis por lo que es desconocida entre los médicos tradicionales. Nuestra Facultad está evaluando la medicina tradicional tacana como fuente de agentes antiparasitarios potenciales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar productos naturales trypanocidas utilizando el método colorimétrico XTT-PMS. Para ello, se realizaron curvas de crecimiento de epimastigotes de T. cruzi y determinamos el tiempo óptimo de realización de los ensayos. Se seleccionó la población inicial de trabajo (3x106 parásitos/mL), las condiciones de incubación (medio LIT, 27ºC, 72 horas) y revelado (XTT-PMS, 4 horas). Con el protocolo optimizado, se realizaron evaluaciones de actividad de drogas control, controles naturales y 20 extractos crudos de plantas medicinales de la amazonía. La actividad se basó en cálculos de concentración inhibitoria media y se consideraron activos las sustancias con CI50<50µg/mL. De los 20 extractos evaluados, el 40% fueron activos. Las plantas más interesantes fueron Sipu sipu (CI50=8.9±1.7µg/mL), Ejije bid'u (CI50=9.1±1.5µg/mL) e Id'ene eidhue (CI50=10.8±1.1µg/mL) con valores de CI50 cercanos a los controles, confirmando la utilidad y potencial del protocolo desarrollado

American trypanosomiasis is listed among the unattended infectious disease, is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, and has no treatment in the chronic phase of this deadly disease. One of the challenges is finding effective therapies for this complex disease, given that it does not present any associated symptoms to the parasitism and is unknown among traditional doctors. Our Faculty is evaluating tacana traditional medicine as a source of potential antiparasitic agents. The objective of this work was to identify trypanocidal natural products using the XTTPMS colorimetric method. For this, growth curves of T. cruzi epimastigotes were made to determine the optimal time to carry out the tests. The initial work population (3x106 parasites/mL), the incubation conditions (medium LIT, 27ºC, 72 hours) and revealed process (XTT-PMS, 4 hours) were selected. With the optimized protocol, activity evaluations of control drugs, natural controls and 20 crude extracts of medicinal plants of the Amazon were carried out. The activity was based on calculations of mean inhibitory concentration and substances with IC50 <50µg/mL were considered active. Of the 20 extracts evaluated, 40% were active. The most interesting plants were Sipu sipu (IC50=8.9±1.7µg/mL), Ejije bid'u (IC50=9.1±1.5µg/mL) and Id'ene eidhue (IC50=10.8±1.1µg/mL) with values of IC50 close to the controls, confirming the usefulness and potential of the developed protocol.

Desparasitación en niños de escuelas rurales 2016-2017: diagnóstico y tratamiento de enteroparásitos intestinales en la escuela de Sapecho A ­ Sud Yungas, La Paz / Deworming in children of rural schools 2016-2017: diagnosis and treatment of intestinal enterocoparasites in Sapecho A School - Sud Yungas, La Paz

Los parásitos intestinales son un grave problema de salud pública donde la alta prevalencia está asociado a la falta de educación sanitaria, hábitos higiénicos e infraestructura inadecuada. El presente trabajo es un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, donde el universo de trabajo son todos los niños de la Escuela Sapecho A (Gestión 2016-2017), trabajo que involucro a estudiantes de pregrado y de post grado de la Facultad de Ciencia Farmacéuticas y Bioquímicas, donde a través de estudios coproparasitológicos (técnica de Ritchie) se pudo observar que la mayoría de la población, entre 78,24 y 88,4%, se encontraba infectada por uno o más parásitos (Helmintos­Protozoos). Luego de realizar una desparasitación masiva con albendazol (400mg/Dos dosis) se llegó a una reducción respecto a los helmintos de 53,5 y 65,2% respectivamente en cada gestión, sin embargo, este no fue efectivo contra los protozoos. Para alcanzar un éxito en el tratamiento se debe tratar al grupo familiar y dar énfasis al componente educativo de higiene y limpieza.

Intestinal parasites are a serious public health problem where the high prevalence is associated with a lack of education, inadequate hygienic habits and sanitary infrastructure. The present work is a cross-sectional descriptive study, where the universe of work are the children of Sapecho A School (Management 2016-2017), work that involved undergraduate and post-graduate students of the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science and Biochemistry where through coproparasitological studies (Ritchie's technique) it was observed that the majority of the population, between 78.24 and 88.4%, was infected by one or more parasites (Helminths-Protozoa). After performing a massive deworming treatment with albendazole (400mg/Two doses) a reduction was reached with respect to the helminths of 53.5 and 65.2%, respectively in each year, however this was not effective against the protozoa. To achieve a successful treatment, the family group must be treated and the educational component of hygiene and cleanliness should be emphasized.

Estudio piloto de diagnóstico de parasitosis intestinal y respuesta al uso de Mebendazol en niños de edad escolar en las escuelas Charcas II, El Sillar y la Cascada, gestión 2010 La Paz / Pilot study of intestinal parasitosis diagnostic and response to Mebendazol on school age children at schools in Charcas II, El Sillar and La Cascada, year 2010 La Paz

El proyecto IDH 09: Desparasitación de niños en escuelas rurales", llevo adelante un trabajo piloto experimental de diagnóstico sobre parásitos intestinales en niños en las Escuelas de las Comunidades: Charcas II; La Cascada y El Sillar, Provincia Sud Yungas, Departamento de La Paz, Bolivia. El análisis coproparasitológico fue en 93 muestras tomadas entre Inicial y quinto de primaria, con edades entre 5 y 12 años. En promedio, el 97,9% de las muestras indicaron presencia de Protozoarios y hasta un 54,5% de Helmintos, concomitantemente, con una relación promedio de 2,0 veces más Protozoarios. En las escuelas de Charcas II y La Cascada la relación fue de 1,8 y en El Sillar fue de 2,5. Hasta 12 parásitos fueron identificados entre los Protozoarios: Blatocystis hominis (92,7%); Entamoeba coli (50,3%); Endolimax nana (44,0%); Giardia lamblia (39,3%); Iodamoeba bütschlii (25,0%) y Chilomastix mesnili (8,3%) y entre los Helmintos: Ascaris lumbricoides (30,0%); Uncinaria spp (21,7%), Strongyloides stercoralis (9,0%); Hymenolepis nana (7,0%) y Trichuris trichiura (5,7%), en una muestra se detectó Enterobius vermicularis. En la escuela Charcas II, de acuerdo a sus programas de desparasitación, los niños recibieron tratamiento con Mebendazol y el efecto de la medicación fue evaluado, aleatoriamente, a los 7 días, sobre un total de 21 niños. El Mebendazol (1200mg) elimino 50% de los Helmintos. A. lumbricoides fue eliminado de todas las muestras, Uncinaria spp, S. stercoralisy T. trichiura fueron eliminados en un 50%, mientras que H. nana persistió en todas las muestras, mientras que los Protozoarios fueron eliminados solo en un 19% de las muestras.

The Project Deworming of children in rural schools carried out a pilot experimental field work to determine intestinal parasites levels in kids in rural schools, at Charcas II, La Cascada and El Sillar communities, South Yungas province, Department of La Paz, Bolivia. The coproparasitologic studies were carry out on 93 feces samples, from kids from initial to fifth grade, within ages from 5 to 12 years. An average of 97,9% of the samples showed presence of protozoa parasites and up to 54,5% showed, additionally, presence of Helminthes, with a general ratio of Protozoan to Helminthes of 2,0. At Charcas II School and La Cascada School the ratio was of 1,8; while at El Sillar gave a ratio of 2,5. A total of 12 parasites were identified, among the protozoa: Blatocystishominis (92,7%); Entamoeba coli (50,3%); Endolimax nana (44,0%); Giardia lamblia (39,3%); Iodamoeba bütschlii (25,0%) and Chilomastix mesnili:(8,3%) and among the Helminthes: Ascaris lumbriocoides (30,0%); Uncinaria spp (21,7%), Strongyloides stercoralis (9,0%); Hymenolepis nana (7,0%) and Trichuris trichiura (5,7%) and in one sample we detected Enterobius vermicularis. According to their deworming program, at Charcas II School, kids received treatment with Mebendazol (1200mg) and the effect was evaluated 7 days after treatment. On a total of 21 children. Mebendazol eliminated 50% of Helminthes. A. lumbricoides was eliminated from all samples; Uncinaria spp, S. stercoralis y T. trichiura only from 50% of the samples and H. nana persisted in all samples, while Protozoan parasites were eliminated on nearly 19% of the samples

Leishmanicidal and cytotoxic activity from plants used in Tacana traditional medicine (Bolivia).

ETNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Thirty-eight Tacana medicinal plant species used to treat skin problems, including leishmania ulcers, skin infections, inflammation and wound healing, were collected in the community of Buena Vista, Bolivia, with the Tacana people. Twenty two species are documented for the first time as medicinal plants for this ethnic group living in the northern area of the Department of La Paz. AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the leishmanicidal effect (IC50) and cytotoxicity (LD50) of the selected plants. To carry out bioguided studies on the active extracts. To assess the potential of Bolivian plant biodiversity associated with traditional knowledge in the discovery of alternative sources to fight leishmaniasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy three ethanol extracts were prepared from 38 species by maceration and were evaluated in vitro against promastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis and L. braziliensis. Active extracts (IC50 ≤ 50 µg/mL) were fractionated by chromatography on Silica gel column and the fractions were assessed against the two Leishmania strains. The most active fractions and the crude extracts were evaluated against reference strains of L. amazonensis, L. braziliensis, L. aethiopica, two native strains (L. Lainsoni and L. braziliensis) and for cytotoxicity against HeLa cells. The chromatographic profile of the active fractions was obtained by reverse phase chromatography using HPLC. RESULTS: From the 73 extracts, 39 extracts (53.4%) were inactive and 34 showed activity. Thirteen species were sselected for bioguided studies. The crude extracts and their 36 fractions were evaluated against two Leishmania strains. The most active fraction were tested in a panel of five leishmania strains and for cytotoxicity. The Selective Index (SI = LD50/IC50) was calculated, and were generally low. Retention time and UV spectra were recorded for the active fractions by HPLC-DAD using a reverse phase column. Profiles were very different from each other, showing the presence of different compounds. CONCLUSION: Bolivian traditional knowledge from the Tacanba was useful to identify plants with effect on Leishmania promastigotes. Chromatographic bioguided studies showed stronger leishmanicidal and cytotoxic activity for the medium polar fraction. HPLC analysis showed different chromatographic profiles of the active fractions.

Trasplante de médula ósea alogénico en un paciente con fusariosis diseminada y leucemia mieloide aguda / Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in a patient with disseminated fusariosis and acute myeloid leukemia

La infección diseminada por Fusarium se ha convertido en un problema creciente en las personas con neoplasias hematológicas malignas, principalmente en pacientes con leucemias agudas; se describen cada vez más casos en aquellos sometidos a un trasplante de médula ósea. No existe un tratamiento óptimo establecido para la fusariosis diseminada. La mortalidad global comunicada de esta infección oscila entre el 50 y el 80%. Se presenta a continuación el caso de un paciente de sexo masculino de 29 años, con diagnóstico de leucemia mieloide aguda, que presenta como complicación una fusariosis diseminada, y logra sobrellevar un trasplante alogénico de médula ósea en el Hospital Italiano de San Justo (Argentina) de forma exitosa. (AU)

Disseminated fusariosis has become an increasing problem in people with hematopoietic neoplasms, mainly in patients affected by acute leukemias, and even more in those who undergo hematopoietic cell transplantation. There is not an optimal treatment for disseminated fusariosis. The global mortality described in the literature is between 50% and 80%. We introduce a case of a 29 year old patient with diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia complicated with disseminated fusariosis, who copes with an allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation with a successful outcome in the "Hospital Italiano de San Justo" (Argentina). (AU)

Gastroprotective and anti-secretory mechanisms of 2-phenylquinoline, an alkaloid isolated from Galipea longiflora.

BACKGROUND: We previously described the gastroprotective effect of 2-phenylquinoline (2-PQ), the main alkaloid isolated from the bark of Galipea longiflora (Rutaceae). However, despite the significant and promising results, the pharmacological mechanisms of the gastroprotection induced by 2-PQ have not been investigated. PURPOSE: To evaluate the mechanisms underlying the gastroprotective effects of 2-PQ. STUDY DESIGN: We used an in vivo mouse ulcer model and in vitro methodologies involving H⁺/K⁺-ATPase and L929 murine fibroblasts. METHODS: The gastroprotective activity of 2-PQ (10-100 mg/kg, orally, p.o) was assessed against gastric ulcer induced by 60% ethanol/0.03 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) in mice or that induced by indomethacin (80 mg/kg, p.o) in rats. The cytotoxicity was assessed in L929 murine fibroblasts. Ulcerated tissues were analyzed histologically, histochemically, and biochemically. The antisecretory activity of 2-PQ was evaluated in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS: 2-PQ showed no cytotoxicity, reduced the lesion area induced by ethanol/HCl (log half-maximal effective dose, ED50 = 1.507), and the histological evaluation supported these results. Furthermore, 2-PQ reduced indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration. The gastroprotection was accompanied by normalization of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity, an intense increase in reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, and reduction in lipid peroxide (LPO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels in the gastric mucosa. The antisecretory properties of 2-PQ were confirmed by the decreased volume and total acidity of the gastric juice, and it reduced histamine- or pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion. However, 2-PQ did not change the in vitro H⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity or the content of gastric-adhered mucous in mice. In addition, pretreatment with N-ethylmaleimide, NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl esters, yohimbine, or indomethacin reversed the gastroprotective effect of 2-PQ, suggesting nitric oxide, nonprotein sulfhydryl compounds, α-2-receptors, and prostaglandin were involved. CONCLUSION: 2-PQ provides gastroprotection by reducing oxidative damage and inhibiting acid secretion mediated by histaminergic and gastrinergic regulatory pathways.

Estudios de susceptibilidad de cepas de Leishmania aethiopica frente a alcaloides de Galipea longiflora (Evanta) / Susceptibility studies on Leishmania aethiopica strains against total alkaloids from Galipea longiflora (Evanta)

El Instituto de Investigaciones Fármaco Bioquímicas (IIFB), de la Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Bioquímicas, de la UMSA, desarrolla trabajos sobre la actividad leishmanicida, de los alcaloides totales (CAT) obtenidos de la corteza de la especie medicinal amazónica conocida como Evanta (Galipea longiflora) por los Pueblos Tacana, Tsimane y Mosetene. Como parte de las actividades del Proyecto UMSA-ASDI Biomoleculas de interés medicinal e industrial (antiparasitarios) hemos podido contar con la estadía, en el IIFB, de un investigador del Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI) de Etiopia, lo que nos ha permitido desarrollar evaluaciones de CAT, Miltefocine y Amfotericina B, frente a cepas de Leishmania aethiopica, agente causante de las diversa formas de Leishmaniais cutánea en Etiopía. Un total de seis cepas, de L. aethiopica, fueron adaptadas a condiciones in vitro y mostraron un comportamiento homogéneo frente a CAT, cinco de estas cepas mostraron un valor promedio de IC50 = 8,68 ±1,56 mg/mL, valor algo inferior a los calculados para nuestras cepas de referencia, L. amazonensis y L. braziliensis con IC50 = 11,73 ± 4,32 mg/mL y IC50 = 12,28 ±- 2,95 mg/mL, respectivamente. Excepto por una cepa de L. aethiopica que mostro valores consistentemente más elevados que el resto con IC50= 14,37 ± 3,58 mg/mL. Como consecuencia de esta interacción científica, la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA) ha firmado un Memorandum de Entendimiento para el desarrollo de investigaciones conjuntas, con el Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), dependiente del Ministerio de Salud de Etiopia y explorar la posibilidad de que nuestra experiencia de validación clínica con Evanta en el tratamiento de leishmaiasis cutánea, en Bolivia, podría ser replicada en Etiopía, donde se reportan entre 20,000 a 30,000 nuevos casos de Leismaniasis por año.

The Instituto de Investigaciones Fármaco Bioquímicas (IIFB), at the Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Sciences, from UMSA, carry out work related to the leishmanicidal activity of the total alkaloids (CAT) obtained from the bark of the Amazonian medicinal species known as Evanta (Galipea longiflora) by the Tacana, Tsimane y Mosetene people. As part of the activities develop by the UMSA-ASDI Project Biomolecules of medicinal and industrial Interest (antiparasitic) we had a visit, in our laboratories at IIFB, of a researcher from The Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI) from Ethiopia, during his stay we were able to carry out evaluations of CAT, Miltefocine and Anphotericin B, against strains of L. aethiopica, causative agent of the different manifestations of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. A total of six strains of L. aethiopica, were adapted to in vitro a conditions, at IIFB; and did show homogenous behavior against CAT. Five of the strains, showed an average calculated value for IC50 = 8.68 ±1.56 mg/mL, a value somewhat lower to the calculated for the reference strains L. amazonensis and L. braziliensis with IC50 = 11.73 ± 4.32 mg/mL and IC50 = 12.28 +/- 2.95 mg/mL, respectively. Except for one strain that showed values somewhat higher, to the other strains, consistently through our studies, with IC50 = 14.37 ± 3.58 mg/mL. As a consequence of our scientific interaction, the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA) has signed a Memorandum of Understanding for the development of joint research with the Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI) that belongs to the Ministry of Health in Ethiopia, and explore the possibilities to replicate the Bolivian clinical validation experience of Evanta in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis, in Ethiopia where the annual incidence is estimated to be between 20, 000 to 30, 0000.

Antileishmanial metabolites from Lantana balansae

ABSTRACT Eleven compounds, 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (1), persicogenin (2), eriodictyol 3′,4′,7-trimethyl ether (3), phytol (4), spathulenol (5), 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (6), onopordin (7), 5,8,4′-trihydroxy-7,3′-dimethoxyflavone (8), quercetin (9), jaceosidin (10), and 8-hydroxyluteolin (11), were isolated from an ethanol extract of Lantana balansae Briq., Verbenaceae, that was found to possess antileishmanial activity. The structures of the compounds were determined by NMR spectroscopy and HR mass spectrometry, and 1, 2, 3, 7, 8 and 9 were investigated for antiprotozoal activity toward promastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania braziliensis. Compound 1 was shown to be the most potent, with the IC50 values 2.0 µM toward L. amazonensis and 0.68 µM toward L. braziliensis, although less potent than the positive control Amphotericin B. All compounds have been reported previously, but this is the first report of the isolation of a cyclopentenone fatty acid (1) and flavanones (2 and 3) from a Lantana species.

Active sesquiterpene lactones against Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania braziliensis.

Seventeen sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) isolated from five species of the tribe Vernonieae were evaluated for their in vitro activity against promastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania braziliensis. Additionally, a quantitative structure activity relationship has been made, since all these natural compounds were found to have potent to mild antileishmanial properties. The most active compounds against L. braziliensis were 16 and 17 (IC50 values 1.45 and 1.34 µM, respectively), followed by compound 15 with IC50 value of 1.60 µM against L. amazonensis. The three glaucolide-type SLs (4-6) were the least active against both parasites. The computational study allowed us to establish that lipophilicity and polarisability play an important role in the antiparasitic activity. This is the first report of the known germacradiendiolides 16 and 17 from Elephantopus mollis. The activity data of the compounds 1-17 assayed against Leishmania parasites are reported here for the first time.

Chemical profiling and antioxidant activity of Bolivian propolis.

BACKGROUND: Propolis is a relevant research subject worldwide. However, there is no information so far on Bolivian propolis. Ten propolis samples were collected from regions with high biodiversity in the main honey production places in Bolivia and were analyzed for their total phenolics (TP), flavonoids (TF) and antioxidant activity. The chemical profiles of the samples were assessed by TLC, HPLC-DAD, HPLC-DAD-MS/MS(n) and NMR analysis. RESULTS: TP, TF, TLC and NMR analysis showed significant chemical differences between the samples. Isolation of the main constituents by chromatography and identification by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS(n) achieved more than 35 constituents. According to their profiles, the Bolivian propolis can be classified into phenolic-rich and triterpene-rich samples. Propolis from the valleys (Cochabamba, Chuquisaca and Tarija) contained mainly prenylated phenylpropanoids, while samples from La Paz and Santa Cruz contained cycloartane and pentacyclic triterpenes. Phenolic-rich samples presented moderate to strong antioxidant activity while the triterpene-rich propolis were weakly active. CONCLUSION: High chemical diversity and differential antioxidant effects were found in Bolivian propolis. Our results provide additional evidence on the chemical composition and bioactivity of South American propolis.